ON “GURUS” AND SPIRITUAL DIRECTION
Rama P. Coomaraswamy, MD
It is interesting to
note that in almost every field or specialty, common sense tells us that we
need guidance and such is sought from experts. But when it comes to spiritual
matters the greater majority have no hesitation in choosing themselves as both
expert and advisor. This despite the Muslim aphorism that he who uses himself
as his own director has Satan for his guide. Yet this situation is
understandable when one recognizes that religion has been reduced to the realm
of private opinion and when one considers the innumerable providers of
spirituality - it comes in every shape and form - placing one’s trust in others with regard to this critical matter
is almost impossible. And yet ironically we find many giving their trust to
individuals with no traditional affiliations and who proclaim themselves
through the media as guides to any and all - usually for a healthy fee.
It is legitimate to
use the term “guru” with any preceptor of a professional nature. Thus a surgeon
or a musician can refer to his preceptor as his “guru.” But in the present
paper we are discussing gurus who are giving spiritual direction. Now in India,
as in the West, there are a plethora of false gurus available who are delighted
to receive the financial support of those they dupe. They are, as one wise man
explained, the “tinsel” that protects the real ones. It is virtually impossible
- and there are of course exceptions to all that is said here - it is virtually
impossible for westerners with their “modernist” convictions and outlook (which
includes many Indians brought up in the west) who go to the East to make
contact with real gurus - though such of course exist.
Moreover such real
gurus are most unlikely to take on westerners for the simple reason that they
have not lived as Hindus for a long period of time. Living within a traditional
form, forms and molds the soul and as such prepares the individual for the
spiritual life. If one doubts this, one has but to ask such potential chelas
(penitents) what caste they belong to. They immediately tell you that they
don’t believe in castes. Now like it or not, the Caste system is intrinsic to
Hinduism. It is a little like someone saying they are Catholic and claiming
that they don’t believe in the Real Presence. (Those wishing to understand the
caste system are referred to The Religious Basis of the Forms of Indian
Society by Ananda Coomaraswamy, Studies in Comparative Religion 15, 1983).
Living as a Hindu within the traditional culture is equivalent to what
Tanqueray calls “external direction.” So stringent is this principle that when
an orthodox Hindu (the term orthodox is defined as right faith and true
doctrine) leaves India - which is greatly discouraged - he has on returning to go
through a purification ceremony called the pancha gavia. Now it is true
that a westerner can take sanyassa, that is becomes a monk, and then
this stricture does not apply, for the sanyass has no social role in society as
such. The funeral rites are said over him and he is as it were “dead to the
world.” Taking sanyassa is a fairly serious affair which means cutting
of all family, friends, possessions, and social ties. Such monks may be
wandering or have a fixed abode. But no guru is likely to encourage this step -
rare exceptions apart - in someone coming from the west who is almost certainly
not prepared for all the commitments involved. Furthermore, again with
exceptions, there is the problem, even for those brought up within the Hindu
tradition, of what is called premature vairagya, that is taking such
vows when too young, and for most such a step is only taken after he has
fulfilled all his social duties and hence usually later in life. Now if these
comments apply in India, they certainly also apply to those gurus who travel
outside of India, who are almost without exception far from orthodox. (Examples
of this are given in my paper on The Desacralism of Hinduism for Western
Consumption in Sophia, Vol 4, No. 2, Winter 1998)
Another dangerous
tendency is to adopt spiritual exercises developed within one tradition to
usages outside that tradition. I recently came across a Catholic retreat master
who sent individuals up into the mountains on “vision quests,” a practice used
by American Indians. Or again, the use of yoga, not for exercise, but as a
spiritual method is rampant - one could give many other examples especially
among “New Age gurus.”. Usually such individuals have little if any real
knowledge of the traditions from which they seemingly adopt such techniques,
apart from what the read in books - and books convey but the externals.
In a previous age
and time things were different. As with all the great religious traditions,
Christianity also insisted upon the importance of spiritual directors - experts
in helping one come to a knowledge, love and consequent appropriate service of
God. In general the principles of direction were divided into two categories.
The first requirement was submission to the form of the Tradition in question.
As Tanqueray, a Catholic authority says in The Spiritual Life: “God, Who
established His Church as a hierarchical society, willed that souls be
sanctified through submission to this Church.” Thus when Saul (St. Paul) was
converted, he was sent to Ananias in Damascus to learn what he was to do -
teaching us, as St. Chrysostom says, “that we should be taught by God through
men.” This submission to traditional forms protects individuals from the
tendency in all of us to think we have achieved some high state of knowledge and
grace on our own. Submission to traditional forms and doctrine provides a sort of fence that acts as a
corrective and a defense against self delusion. This has been called “external”
direction At the same time the “orthodoxy” of the director acts as a guarantee
that he is not leading one is some pet way of his own, but in accord with
traditional norms.[1]
Beyond this, those
who are called to the spiritual life require a guide for what has been called
“internal” direction. As Tanquerey points out, “ Progress in holiness is a long
and painful ascent over a steep path bordered by precipices. To venture thereon
without an experienced guide is highly imprudent.” It is extremely easy to
deceive oneself as regards one’s own condition. As St. Francis de Sales says:
“We are unable to gaze eye to eye upon ourselves, we cannot be impartial judges
in our own case, by reason of a certain complacency, so veiled, so unsuspected
that the keenest insight alone can discover its existence; those who suffer
from it are not aware of it unless some one points it out to them.”
The importance of
spiritual direction has always been recognized in Christendom. Cassian who
spent long years among the monks in the east speaks of this in both his Book
of Institutions and in his Conferences. And what Cassian said with
regard to the eastern monks was repeated in the West by St. John Climacus in
his Ladder of Paradise. It should not be thought that this need was
limited to those in the religious life, for both Augustine and Jerome in their
correspondence with those in the world repeat the same admonitions. Down
through the ages the same principles are inculcated. St. Bernard speaks of this
in both his letters and his sermons, and indeed he states that “whoever constitutes
himself his own guide, becomes a disciple of a fool.”.
St Francis de Sales
tells us that a spiritual director must have three principal qualities, charity,
knowledge and prudence. Charity is a supernatural and paternal
affection which makes him see that those under his care are spiritual children
confided to him by God Himself - As St. Paul said, “My little children of whom
I am in labor again until Christ be formed in you” This charity is not
weakness, but a firmness coupled with frankness. Secondly knowledge is
important, and St. Theresa of Avilla teaches that this is more important than
holiness. There are those who are indeed holy, but unsuitable to the task of
direction. Without a knowledge of mystical and ascetical theology, how is it
possible to direct a person who is traveling in such paths? Finally, prudence
and sound judgment are needed in order to direct souls, not according to one’s
own judgement, but according to the motions of grace, the temperament and
character of the penitents, and their supernatural attractions.
St. John of the
Cross points out the great difficulty of finding a spiritual guide, for such a
one should be at once wise, zealous, discreet, and experienced, or at least
well versed in the science of the ways of the Lord. Otherwise, like one blind
man leading another, they both fall into a ditch. Inexperienced and ignorant
directors do more damage than good to souls. This difficulty in finding a
director is particularly evident today -
and this is true within every viable Tradition. However, God did not leave us
orphans, and he will in one way or another, lead us - often in rather unusual
and surprising ways - to a director of souls, for after all, he is himself the
ultimate director of every soul. Hinduism speaks of an “upa-guru” which is
anyone who helps one on the spiritual path, as well as a “guru” who is nothing
other than a spiritual director. If the Hindu worships his Guru, this is not
some false idolatry, but rather the recognition that the Guru is functioning in
the place of God. And this is of course true of all true spiritual directors.
Thus it is that when one finds a good director, one should strive to follow him
with all docility. By giving obedience to such a director, the soul sacrifices
its judgment and will. What is involved in this is the giving up of self-will
which, as St. Bernard tells us, fuels the fires of hell.
If the spiritual
director is a blind man seeking to lead the blind, as unfortunately happens
often, then it is better to seek another. But if one cannot find such, than as
St. Theresa of Avilla says, it is better to remain without one, to trust in God
who has permitted such a thing, rather than be guided by a blind man. However,
those who would follow a Christian path, prior to “giving up” their search for
a director, would do well to acquaint themselves with the literature on
spiritual direction - the writings of innumerable saints and theologians such
as Tanqueray (The Spiritual Life) and Arintero (Mystical Evolution).
St. Catherine of Genoa (Spiritual Doctrine), St. Catherine of Sienna, St
Teresa of Avilla, and St. John of the Cross. Such writings will constitute an
intellectual preparation - using the word “intellect” in it’s full scholastic
sense - and at the same time provide them with the necessary guidelines to help
their search.
And finally, those
who find themselves faced with the task of direction must realize that the very
obligations that fall upon their penitents applies above all to themselves. If
they do not sanctify their own lives, if they do not let Christ live in them as
He did in St. Paul, (“I live not I but Christ liveth in me”) they will never be
effective directors. It is not themselves that they give to those who seek
their help, but the Divine Logos and nothing but that Logos. Spiritual
Direction is a serious business, both for the giver and the receiver. For the
giver, he must face his Maker and answer for any deviation from Truth, and for
the receiver, such deviations can terminate in disaster, both in this world and
the next.
ăR. Coomaraswamy, 2001
[1] More current terminology uses the terms
“exoteric” and “esoteric.” It is virtually impossible for either to exist in
isolation for any long period of time, for the outer “form” protects the inner
content, and the inner “content” provides the strength and meaning to the outer
form.